| Treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome | Akkermansia muciniphila(Resides in the mucus layer of the intestine and accounts for about 1-4% of gut microbiota) | - Outer membrane proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs) enhance intestinal barrier function and treat metabolic disorders- Significantly reducing body weight and fat mass | (42, 43) |
| Immune regulation for IBD, IBS, and diabetes | Faecalibacterium prausnitzii(Accounts for about 5% of gut microbiota) | - Produces butyrate and contributes to immune regulation therapies | (44, 45) |
| Respiratory infection treatment | Lactobacillus & Bifidobacterium | - Promotes IgA secretion to strengthen mucosal immunity- Regulates gut and lung microbiota | (46) |
| Gut-brain axis research | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum | - Contributes to relieving stress, depression, and anxiety- Effective in alleviating depression | (47) |
| Skin diseases | Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus | - Anti-inflammatory effects on acne and atopic dermatitis- strengthens skin barrier and reduces inflammation levels | (48) |
| Reduction of antibiotic side effects | Saccharomyces boulardii | - Reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea by over 50%- More effective in children | (49) |