| Acute diarrhea relief and reduction of intestinal inflammation | Bifidobacterium animalis AHC7 | - Reduces intestinal inflammation- Alleviating symptoms of acute diopathic diarrhea | (75) |
| Reduction of fecal odor and metabolites | Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis | - Reduce concentration and odor of proteolytic products in feces | (76) |
| Improvement of gut environment | Commercial product (Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and etc. mixture) | - Increases beneficial bacteria and decreases pathogenic bacteria- Enhances levels of acetate, butyrate, and anti-inflammatory cytokines- Reduces levels of inflammatory cytokines | (77) |
| Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics | - Inhibits pathogenic bacteria- Produces antimicrobial substances- Regulates gut microbiota | (79) |
| Digestive function improvement | Enterococcus faecium | - Stabilizes defecation patterns- Improves nutrient digestibility and overall digestive function | (78) |
| Skin disease improvement | Probiotics | - Reduces rash and itching in dogs with atopic dermatitis- Contributes to improved skin condition | (80) |
| Stress response mitigation | Bifidobacterium spp. | - Reduces excessive grooming and aggression caused by anxiety- Stabilizes overall mood-regulates cortisol, a stress hormone | (81) |
| Immune system enhancement | Specific probiotic mixtures | - Reduces inflammatory responses- Supports immune regulation- Helps prevent infectious diseases | (84) |