| Wistar rat | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum | • BDNF ▲ in brain and gut | (Ranuh et al., 2019) |
| Stress-induced depression mice model | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum | • BDNF ▲ in hippocampus• Depression-like behavior ▼ | (Choi et al., 2019) |
| Celiac disease (CD) rat model | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG | • BDNF ▲ and TrkB ▼ in brain | (Orlando et al., 2020) |
| CORT-induced depression rat model | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus TF318 | • BDNF ▲ in hippocampus• Firmicutes ▲ in microbiota• Depression-like behavior ▼ | (Zhao et al., 2023) |
| C57BL/6 mice | Lactobacillus gasseri NK109 | • BDNF ▲ in hippocampus• LPS-induced cognitive impairment behavior ▼ | (Yun et al., 2023) |
| GF BALB/c mice | Fecal microbiota transplantation of SPF BALB/c mice or Bifidobacterium infantis treatment | • BDNF ▲ in hippocampus and cerebral cortex | (Sudo et al., 2004) |
| GF BALB/c mice | Fecal microbiota transplantation of Swiss mice | • Exploratory behavior ▲• BDNF ▲ in hippocampus• Hesitancy ▼ in step-down test | (Bercik et al., 2011) |
| C57BL/6J mice | Cocktail of antibiotics (vancomycin, neomycin, metronidazole, ampicillin) | • Microbiota dysbiosis• BDNF ▼ and TrkB ▼ in hippocampus | (Bistoletti et al., 2019) |
| BDNF gene knock-out mice | - | • Microbiota dysbiosis• Intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB) function ▼ | (Li et al., 2018) |
| >=18 years adults (meta-analysis) | Probiotic supplementation | • BDNF ▲ in serum• Significant effect beyond 10 weeks treatment• Stronger effect in participants with cognitive impairment or mental disease or gastrointestinal or neurodegenerative disease compared to healthy participants | (Hashemi et al., 2025) |