Table 1. Summary of representative studies on probiotics and postbiotics in other cancer types

Cancer type	Probiotic/postbiotic	Key findings	Evidence	Reference
Head and neck	Nisin (Lactococcus lactis)	Reduced tumor burden and induced apoptosis	Preclinical	(Kamarajan et al., 2015)
Melanoma	Lactiplantibacillus plantarum	Reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis	In vitro	(Budu et al., 2024)
Pancreatic	Duramycin (Streptomyces spp.)	Induced necrotic cell death	In vitro	(Broughton et al., 2016)